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THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 
OF  KING  DARIUS 


VANDERBILT  UNIVERSITY  STUDIES 


FOUNDED   BY 


A.  H.  ROBINSON 


American  Agent Lemcke  and  Buechner,  New  York  Citt 


Foreign  Agent Otto  Harrassowitz,  Querstrasse,  14.    Leipzig 


A  copy  of  this  number  of  the  series  will  be  forwarded  on  receipt 
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bilt  University. 


NASHVILLE,  TENNESSEE 
PUBLISHED  BY   VANDERBILT  UNIVERSITY 

1908 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 
OF  KING  DARIUS 


TRANSLATION  AND  CRITICAL  NOTES  TO  THE 
PERSIAN  TEXT  WITH  SPECIAL  REFERENCE  TO 
RECENT   RE-EXAMINATIONS  OF   THE   ROCK 


BY 

HERBERT   CUSHING   TOLMAN 

PROFESSOR  OP  THE  GREEK   LANGUAGE  AND   LITERATURE 


NASHVILLE,  TENN. 
PUBLISHED  BY  VANDERBILT  UNIVERSITY 

1908 


THE  VANDERBILT  ORIENTAL  SERIES 

EDITED   BY  PROFESSOKS 

Herbert  Gushing  Tolman,  Ph.D.,  D.D., 

AND 

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ABBREVIATIONS. 

AF.  =Arische  Forschungen. 

AirWb.=Altiranisches  Worterbuch  (Barth.  1904). 

A JP.=  American  Journal  of  Philology. 

Bab.  =  Babylonian. 

Barth.  =Bartholoinae. 

BB.=Beitrage  zur  Kuncle  der  indogermanischen  Sprachen. 

ed.  =recent  edition  or  editions. 

Elam.  =Elaniite  or  New  Susian. 

GAv.=Ga0a  Avesta. 

IF.  =Indogermanische  Forschungen. 

Jn.=  Jackson,  who  made  in  1903  a  partial  reexamination  of  the 
rock  (JAOS.,  Vols.  24  and  27=Persia  Past 
and  Present). 

JAOS.  = Journal  of  the  American  Oriental  Society. 

JRAS.=  Journal  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Soeiety. 

KT=King  and  Thompson;  The  Sculptures  and  Inscription  of 
Darius  the  Great  on  the  Rock  of  Behisttin, 
British  Museum,  1907.  KT  have  newly  copied 
the  Persian,  Elamite,  and  Babylonian  texts. 

KZ.=Zeitschrift  fiir  vergleichende  Sprachforschung. 

Middle  Pers.  =  Middle  Persian. 

New  Pers.=New  Persian. 

PAPA.  =Proceedings  of  the  American  Philological  iissociation. 

WB=Weissbach  und  Bang;  Die  altpersischen  Keilinschriften. 

WZKM.  =  Wiener  Zeitschrift  fiir  die  Kunde  des  Morgenlandes. 

YAv.  =  Younger  Avesta. 

ZDMG.=  Zeitschrift  der  Deutschen  Morgenlandischen  Gesell- 
schaft. 


610760 


SPECIMEN  OF  TEXTS. 

(Translation  Col.  iv.  14.) 
PEKSIAN. 

Qz  <r<rjrfr?7Trf?T<*-<  Tr  rrr  ^Tr<^y^<Tr 
ft  <  «rr  ft  fff  ri-  T<T$y  r<-  <  rrr»-<rr~TE 
-rrr<  [r&?r£<  «rr  ft  trr  T<-  r<r  tiri-itr.** 

T<»  <  ffr  %  ^j  -ttt  <  fff  <t.<  T  <- <  -TrT  &  tlrT  ??■£<•? 
<&<t<B  <  rr  £7<rr  *T<  £<<rfr  <tz<  ^Trr  fr  r<*-<  <ti 

ttt<-  <  m  ^t£  r?r<*  <  -rrr  <rrT  <  rT  <?T  ft  titf  frr 

<"*  frf<<TTT«STr<ZTrrfffETTVFr<»<%r  £J 

TtE  frr 

67.  0atiy  darayavaus  xsayafliya  tuvain  [ka]  xsayafliya.    68.  hya 

aparain  ahy  martiya  [hya]  draujana  ahatiy  hyava  [zujrakara  +  + 

ahat-69.  iy  avaiy  ma  dausta  +  +  +  a  uf rastadiy  parsa 

I 

ELAMITE. 

yijT-tri^lT^TTri  y$.  tZnr^T<Frrrnv£T^7mr<~ 
[r  rrnr  ^-^tt- z<tt  <r- ^y/  tfr -7T£  *T2 rttr? 

82.  aiak  (in)  tari-83.  yamaus  (in)  zimkuk  nanri  (in)  ni  [(m) 
zunkuk  (m)  akka  messin]  nekti  (m)  ruh(id)-irra  titukra  hupirri 
aini  in  kannenti  aiak  aiDi  (in)  akka  appan-  84.  la-ikkirame 
huttis 

BABYLONIAN. 

£^S3<~  «  y- ?£r  &iT  Zp>  U  ~t 


105.  (in)  da-ri-ia]-mus  [sarru]  ki-a-am  i-kab-bi  man-nu 
at-ta  Sarru  sa  be-la-a  ar-ki-ia  ainelu  sa  u-par— ra— su  u  amelu 
UD-lg-A-NI     106.  lata-  +  +  +  +  +  +  +  + 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION^ 

COLUMN    I;,     ;  '.  •_ 

1.  I  (am)  Darius,  the  great1  king,  the  king  of  kings, 
the  king  in  Persia,  the  king  of  countries,  the  son  of 
Hystaspes,  the  grandson  of  Arsames,  the  Achae- 
menide. 

2.  Says  Darius  the  king:  My  father  (is)  Hystaspes, 
the  father  of  Hystaspes  (is)  Arsames,  the  father  of 
Arsames  (is)  Ariaramnes,2  the  father  of  Ariaramnes 
(is  Teispes3),  the  father  of  Teispes  (is)  Achaemenes.4 

3.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Therefore  we  are  called 
the  Achaemenides;  from  long  ago  we  have  extended; 
from  long  ago  our  family  have  been  kings.5 

*vazarka  (New  Pers.  buzurg).  The  word  is  probably  thus 
to  be  read  instead  of  the  common  transliteration  vazraka  (YAv. 
vazra,  New  Pers.  gurz,  Skt.  vajra,  Indrols  thunderbolt)  of  the 
ed.  and  KT.  Cf .  Gr.  Tawo$dpKr)s  =  Persian,  tanu-vazarka,  great 
in  body.  Noldeke  argued  against  vazraka  on  the  ground  that  it 
would  give  New  Pers.  *bazra  or  *guzra,  not  buzurg,  but  his 
phonetic  objections  are  not  clear  to  me.  Cf.  Foy,  KZ.  37,  537; 
Barth.  AirWb.  1390,  n. 

2  ariyaramna,  not  ariyaramna  of  the  ed.     Cf .  KT,  2. 

3KT  record  room  for  restoration  pit[a  caispis]  on  the  rock. 
caisapai,  read  cispi  (filam.  zispis;  Bab.  si-is- pi-is]  or  caispi 
(Gr.  TeiOTnjs). 

4haxamanis.  For  discussion  of  Achaemenidan  dynasty  cf. 
Prasek,  Forsch.  z.  Gesch.  d.  Altert.  3,  24,  vs.  the  extreme  view 
of  Winckler,  Oriental.  Litt.  Ztg,  1898,  43;  Weissbach,  Assyriol. 
Bibl.  9,  86;  Justi,  Grundr.  d.  iran.  Philol.  2,  416;  Noldeke, 
Aufsatze  z.  pers.  Gesch.  15;  Tolman  and  Stevenson,  Hdt.  and 
Empires  of  the  East,  73. 

5  Barth.  recognizes  here  a  survival  of  the  adjectival  meaning 
in  xsaya[0iya],  i.  e.,  our  family  was  royal. 


THE  BEHI8TAN  INSCRIPTION 


4.  Says  Darius  the  king:   8  of  my  family  (there 
were)  who  were  formerly  kings;  I  am  the  ninth  (9); 
long . afo retime \  we  were  (lit.  are)  kings. 
-  5,  Says  Darius  the  king:  By  the  grace  of  Auram- 
azda I  am  king ; -Auramazda  gave  me  the  kingdom. 

6.  Says  Darius  the  king:  These  are  the  countries 
which  came  to  me;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  I  be- 
came king  of  them; — Persia,  Susiana,  Babylonia,  As- 
syria/ Arabia,  Egypt,  the  (lands)  which  are  on  the 
sea,2  Sparda,  Ionia,  [Media],  Armenia,  Cappadocia, 
Parthia,  Drangiana,  Aria,  Chorasmia,  Bactria,  Sogdi- 
ana,  Ga(n)dara,  Scythia,  Sattagydia,  Arachosia,  Maka; 
in  all  (there  are)  23  countries. 

7.  Says  Darius  the  king :  These  (are)  the  countries 
which  came  to  me;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  they 
became  subject  to  me;  they  bore  tribute  to  me;  what 
was  commanded  to  them  by  me  this  was  done  night 
and  (lit.  or)  day. 

1  duvitaparanam,  Tolnian.  duvitaparnam,  KT.  The  read- 
ing of  ed.  duvitataranauu  with  which  the  critics  have  operated 
is  thus  superseded.  *duvita,  adv.  long,  GAv.  daibita,  Skt. 
dvita  (against  Geldner,  Ved.  Stud.  3,  1;  cf.  Foy,  KZ.  37,  546). 
The  association  with  *dura  is  probably  correct;  cf.  Brugniann, 
Gr.  Gram3.  251;  Hirt,  Ablaut,  104;  Gray,  JAOS,  23,  63.  The 
second  member  of  the  compound  I  take  as  paranam,  before,  an- 
tehac  (cf.  Bh.  1,  13,  hya  paranam  bardiyam  adana,  who  knew 
Bardiya  formerly  rather  than  the  former  Bardiya).  WB's 
rendering,  in  zwei  Beihen  (Oppert,  en  deux  branches),  KT's  in 
two  lines,  not  only  seems  to  be  at  variance  with  the  Elam. 
samak-mar,  but  lacks  historical  support;  cf .  Tolman  and  Ste- 
venson, Hdt.  and  Empires  of  East,  p.  74. 

2drayahya,  loc.  sg.  +  postpos.  a;  YAv.  zrayah  (Middle  Pers. 
zray,  New  Pers.  zirih),  Skt.  jrayas,  an  expanse.  Wrongly  ed. 
and  KT,  darayahya,  Bab.  ina  mar-ra-ti;  Elam.  (m)  AN- 
KAM(id)-ip. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 


8.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Within  these  countries 
what  man  was  Watchful,1  him  who  should  be  well  es- 
teemed3 I  esteemed;  who  was  an  enemy,  him  who 
should  be  well  punished3  1  punished;  by  the  grace  of 
Auramazda  these  countries  respected4  my  laws;5  as  it 
was  commanded  by  me  to  them,  so  it  was  done. 

9.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Auramazda  gave  me  this6 
kingdom;  Auramazda  bore  me  aid  until  I  obtained7 
this  kingdom;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  I  hold  this 
kingdom. 

10.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  (was) 
done  by  me  after  that  I  became  king;  Cambyses  by 

1agarft  +  +,  KT,  who  record  space  for  two  characters.  The 
emendation  dausta  of  ed.  is  impossible.  The  Bab.  translates  by 
pi-it-ku-du,  'watchful.  I  would  suggest  the  supplement  agar[ta], 
nom.  ag.  of  a+*gar,  to  wake  (YAv.  gar,  Skt.  gr),  a  watcher, 
wakeful,  zealous.  For  idiom  cf.  janta  biya,  {may  Auramazda) 
he  {thy)  slayer,  i.  e.  may  he  slay  thee,  Bh.  4,  11.  I  do  not  think 
[akka  kannas],  who  was  friendly -,  of  Weissbach  and  KT  is  the 
correct  supplement  for  the  corresponding  Eiam.  Should  we, 
however,  restore  the  verb  kanne,  its  form  would  be  kannes,  aor. 
3  sg. ,  not  kannas. 

2ubaratam,  part,  with  gerundive  meaning;  cf.  Whitney,  Skt. 
Gr.  1176,  e.     ubartam,  well  esteemed,  ed.,  KT. 

3ufrasatam,  cf.  ubaratam.     ufrastam,  well  punished,  ed.,  KT. 

4apariyaya"  (for  ahapariya — ,  Skt.  saparyati;  cf.  Barth. 
Studien,  2,  67;  Justi,  IF.  17,  Anz.  106).     apariyaya11,  ed.,  KT. 

Hyana  mana  data,  text  (confirmed  by  KT),  probably  dittog- 
raphy  for  tya  mana  data  (n.  pi.),  as  pointed  out  as  early  as 
1847  by  Benfey  (Pers.  Keilinschr.,  9),  "Fehler  des  Steinmetz, 
welcher  zuerst  auf  das  gleich  folgende  mana  abirrte." 

6  auramazdam[aiy]  ima;  wrongly  auramazda  mana,  ed. ;  cf. 
KT,  6. 

7ha[ma]darayai[y],  text  (cf.  KT,  6),  mid.  pret.  1  sg.  This 
reading  supersedes  [ad]ary  of  the  ed.-  and  the  various  attempts 
at  emendation. 


10  THE  BE  HI  STAN  INSCRIPTION 


name,  the  son  of  Cyrus  (was)  of  our  family;  he1  was 
king-  here;  of  this  Cambyses  there  was  a  brother 
Bardiya  (i.  e.  Smerdis)  by  name  possessing  a  common 
mother  and  the  same  father  with  Cambyses;  after- 
wards Cambyses  slew  that  Bardiya;  when  Cambyses 
slew  Bardiya,  it  was  not  known  to  the  people  that 
Bardiya  was  slain;2  afterwards  Cambyses  went  to 
Egypt;  when  Cambyses  went  to  Egypt,  after  that  the 
people  became  hostile;  after  that  there  was  Deceit  to 
a  great  extent  in  the  provinces,  both  in  Persia  and  in 
Media  and  in  the  other  provinces. 

11.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  there  was 
one  man,  a  Magian,  Gaumata  by  name;  he  rose  up 
from  Paishiyauvada;  there  (is)  a  mountain  Arakad- 
rish  by  name;  from  there — 14  days  in  the  month 
"Viyakhna  were  in  course3  when  he  rose  up;  he  thus 
deceived  the  people;  I  am  Bardiya  the  son  of  Cyrus 

1hauvama,  text,  in  place  of  [pajruvam  of  the  ed.  (ef.  KT,  6). 

2avajata,  KT,  thus  setting  aside  Bartholoniae's  conjecture 
avajata  and  confirming  Rawlinson's  lithograph  avale£t°ei.jata.  KT's 
cuneiform  text  shows  no  space  between  va  and  ja. 

3viyaxnahya  mah[ya]  xiv  raucabis  0akata  aha11.  In  spite  of 
the  view  now  generally  accepted  which  regards  raucabis  (instr. 
pi.)  as  subject  of  the  following  ahan,  a  use  occasional  in  YAv. 
(Schmidt,  Pluralbld,  98;  Jn.,  Av.  Gr.  229;  Barth.  Grundr.  231, 
2;  Caland,  GGA,  401  for  year  1893),  I  have  often  felt  strongly 
tempted  to  return  to  the  old  theory  of  the  instrumental  of  as- 
sociation but  construe  the  case  directly  with  0akata  (loc.  sg. ); 
it  was  in  course  with  lfy  days  when,  etc.  Against  mahya  (loc. 
sg.  -f  postpos.  a)  Gray  (AJP.  21,  14)  defends  the  former  opin- 
ion that  it  is  contracted  from  mahahya  (them,  gen.  sg. ;  cf .  Skt. 
masa),  thus  avoiding  the  objection  (if  it  be  an  objection)  of  the 
"  appositional "  genitive.  For  the  question  of  the  seasons  of  the 
Persian  months,  cf.  KT,  xxvi;  Justi,  ZDMG.  51;  Oppert,  ibid. 
52;  Prasek,  Beitrage  z.  alt.  Gesch.  1901. 


THE   BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  H 

brother  of  Cambyses;  afterwards  all  the  people  be- 
came estranged  from  Cambyses  (and)  went  over  to 
him,  both  Persia  and  Media  and  the  other  provinces; 
he  seized  the  kingdom;  9  days  in  the  month  Garma- 
pada  were  in  course — he  thus  seized  the  kingdom; 
afterwards  Cambyses  died  by  a  self-imposed  death. 

12.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  kingdom  which 
Gaumata  the  Magian  took  from  Cambyses,  this  king- 
dom from  long  ago  was  (the  possession)  of  our  family; 
afterwards  Gaumata  the  Magian  took  from  Cambyses 
both  Persia  and  Media  and  the  other  provinces;  he 
seized1  (the  power)  and  made  it  his  own  possession; 
he  became  king. 

13.  Says  Darius  the  king:  There  was  not  a  man 
neither  a  Persian  nor  a  Median  nor  any  one  of  our 
family  who  could  make  Gaumata  the  Magian  deprived 
of  the  kingdom;  the  people  feared  his  tyranny;3  (they 
feared3)  he  would  slay  the  many  who  knew  Bardiya 

1ayasata  (inchoative  pres.  yasa — ,  to  yam;  cf.  Barth.  BB.  14, 
246;  Foy,  KZ.  35,  33;  Gray,  AJP.  21,  14).  This  view,  which 
seems  most  probable,  receives  support  from  the  Bab.  +  +  ti  a-na 
sa  ra-ina-ni-su  ut-te-ir,  he  took  it  for  himself;  Elam.  emitusa 
tuman-e,  he  seized  as  his  possession.  KT  follow  the  old  transla- 
tion, he  did  according  to  his  will.  Here  and  in  all  other  cases 
of  occurrence  they  seem  not  to  be  acquainted  with  the  extensive 
literature  concerning  this  word. 

2karasim  haca  darsma"  atarsa;  cf.  Barth.  AirWb.  700.  Bang, 
ZDMG.  43,  534,  is  wrong  in  connecting  sim  (ace.  sg.)  with  haca, 
for  his  parallel  haca  pirava  nama  rauta,  Dar.  Sz.  c,  is  hardly 
justified.  The  old  interpretation  haca  darsama,  exceedingly,  is 
retained  by  KT,  who  remark  in  their  note  to  the  Bab.  version, 
many  'people  feared  him,  that  it  is  possible  to  regard  ma-a-du, 
much,  as  an  adverb. 

3  Barth.  is  doubtless  right  in  taking  the  opt.  clause  as  object 
of  atarsa.  KT  entirely  miss  the  force  of  the  opt.  in  their  trans- 
lation, (for)  he  slew  many,  etc. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 


formerly;  for  this  reason  he  would  slay  the  people; 
"that  they  might  not  know  me  that  I  am  not  Bardiya 
the  son  of  Cyrus; "  any  one  did  not  dare  to  say  any- 
thing' against  Gaumata  the  Magian  until  I  came; 
afterwards  I  asked  Auramazda  for  help;1  Auramazda 
bore  me  aid;  10  days  in  the  month  Bagayadish  were 
in  course — I  thus  with  few  men  slew  that  Gaumata 
the  Magian  and  what  men  were  his  foremost  allies; 
there  (is)  a  stronghold  Sikayauvatish  by  name;2  there 
is  a  province  in  Media,  ISTisaya  by  name;  here  I  smote 
him;  I  took  the  kingdom  from  him;  by  the  grace  of 
Auramazda  I  became  king;  Auramazda  gave  me  the 
kingdom. 

14.  Says  Darius  the  king:  The  kingdom  which  was 
taken  away  from  our  family,  this  I  put  in  (its)  place; 
I  established  it  on  (its)  foundation;  as  (it  was)  for- 


1  patiyavahyaiy  (avahya-,  denom.  to  *avak,  A  v.  avah;  cf. 
Skt.  avasya),  text  as  attested  by  Jn.  (JAOS.  27,  190)  and  KT. 
This  corrected  reading  removes  all  possible  connection  with  the 
root  van,  Barth.  ZDMG.  48,  156;  Toy,  KZ.  37,  518. 

2  About  the  form  naama,  written  naamaa  with  a  fern,  noun, 
there  has  grown,  as  is  well  known,  quite  an  extensive  literature. 
J.  Schmidt  (Pluralbildung,  82)  regarded  it  as  forming  the  second 
member  of  a  bahuvrihi— compound  with  a  fern,  formation  in 
— *on.  Thumb  (KZ.  32,  132)  would  derive  nama  from  *nomn. 
Foy  (KZ.  35,  11)  at  first  recognized  a  transition  to  the  fern,  of  a 
sandhi-form  *naman  <  nomnn;  cf.  later  IF.  12,  172  and  note 
various  theories  there  cited.  Barth.  (Grundr.  403,  11)  suggested 
a  possible  distinction  of  case  nama  (ace.  sg.)  and  naman  (loc.  sg.), 
but  has  later  shifted  his  position,  taking  both  forms  as  loc.  sg. 
and  transcribing  nama"  and  nama11.  I  sometimes  wonder  if 
naamaa  be  not  simply  scriptio  ■plena  influenced  by  fem.  Cf .  gen. 
sg. — hayaa  <  Ar.  sia,  often  written  haya  when  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  noun  on  which  it  depends. 


UNIVE 


THE  B  EH  I  ST  AN  INSCRIPTION  13 

merly  so  I  madejit;  the  sanctuaries1  which  Gaumatathe 
Magian  destroyed  I  restored;  for  the  people  the  rev- 
enue (?)2  and  the  personal  property3  and  the  estates4 
and  the  royal  residences6  which  Gaumata  the  Magian 
took  from  them  (I  restored);  I  established  the  state 
on  (its)  foundation,  both  Persia   and  Media  and  the 


1ayadana;  Elairt.  a"ziyan  annappanna;  Bab.  bitati  sa  ilani. 
These  places  of  worship  can  hardly  be  the  temples  of  foreign 
gods;  cf.  Tolraan,  PAPA.  33,  70  against  the  view  of  Foy,  KZ. 
35,  23. 

2abicaris,  thus  to  be  read  as  Rawlinson  first  recorded;  cf.  Jn. 
JAOS.  24-,  85;  KT,  13.  The  reading  abaearis  with  which  critics 
have  operated,  Spiegel,  Darmesteter  (Etud.  Iran.  2,  130),  Justi 
(IF.  17,  Anz.  105)  is  superseded.  Elam.  and  Bab.  give  no  assist- 
ance. Some  of  the  various  meanings  proposed  for  the  doubtful 
word  are:  Weidepldtze  (Spiegel),  cf.  New  Pers.  caridan,  to  pas- 
ture; Ililfsmittel  (WB);  commerce  (Tolman,  OP.  Insc.  121); 
i  pascoU  (Rugarli ) ;  en  sauveur  (Oppert ) ;  servitium— servos  (Gray, 
AJP.  21,  17);    Weide  (Barth.  AirWb.  89);  pasture-lands  (KT). 

3  gaiflain.  KT  translate  both  the  Pers.  and  Elam. ,  herds.  The 
Bab.  word  is  wanting.  Darmesteter,  les  ferm.es;  Rugarli,  le 
campagne;  WB,  die  Ilerden;  T$&Yth..,fahrendeIfabe;  Justi  (IF. 
17,  Anz.  108),  Gehofte.  Cf.  Av.  gaetfa,  life,  subsistence,  world, 
fr.  ji,  to  live.     For  meaning  (as  well  as  etymology)  note  Gr. 

)8i-os,  life,  livelihood  (/Si'otos);  cf.  Heracl.  €vSeSiu)K(rra==e/u./3e/3ia>KOTa 
(tolvtol  Se  7ravTa  Tr€<f>VTev/xiva  irapk^ovTi  Kal  iv8e8i<DKOTa,  Tab.   Heracl.   I, 

122);  StWa  (according  to  Johansson,  KZ.  30,  424;  otherwise 
Thurneysen,  IF.  Anz.  6,  196). 

4maniyam.  KT  (both  Pers.  and  Elam.),  dwelling  places; 
Darmesteter,  les  maisons;  Rugarli,  le  case;  WB,  das  Wohnen; 
Barth.,  Uegende  Habe;  Gray,  private  property  (AJP.  21,  16;  cf. 
YAv.  nmana);  Justi  (IF.  17,  Anz.  108),  Hauskomplexe  (also 
Platze  wo  etwa  Gewerbetreibende  oder  Handler,  Repriisentanten 
der  biigerlichen  Untertanen,  wohnen).  inana,  house  (Justi)  -f- 
suffix  ya. 

6  vWis'ca,  thus  to  be  read;  cf.  Jn.  (JAOS.  24,  84);  KT,  14. 
The  late  discussions  of  the  word  have  been  based  on  the  reading 


14  THE  BE  HI  ST  AN  INSCRIPTION 

other  provinces;  as  (it  was)  formerly,  so  I  brought 
back  what  (had  been)  taken  away;  by  the  grace  of 
Auramazda  this  I  did;  I  labored  that  our  royal  house 
I  might  establish  in  (its)  place;  as  (it  was)  formerly, 
so  (I  made  it);  I  labored  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda 
that  Gaumata  the  Magian  might  not  take  away  our 
royal  house. 

15.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  I  did,  after 
that  I  became  king. 

16.  Says  Darius  the  king:  When  I  slew  Gaumata 
the  Magian,  afterwards  there  (was)  one  man  Atrina  by 
name,  the  son  of  Upadara(n)ma;  he  rose  up  in  Susiana; 
thus  he  said  to  the  people;  I  am  king  in  Susiana; 
afterwards  the  people  of  Susiana  became  rebellious 
(and)  went  over  to  that  Atrina;  he  became  king  in 
Susiana;  and  there  (was)  one  man  a  Babylonian  !N"i- 
dintu-Bel  by  name,  the  son  of  Aniri',1  he  rose  up  in 
Babylon;  thus  he  deceived  the  people;  I  am  Nebu- 
chadrezzar the  son  of  Nabii-na'id ;  afterwards  the 
whole  of  the  Babylonian  state  went  over  to  that  JSTi- 

vi#aibisca;  cf.  Gray  (JAOS.  23,  56),  who  regards  the  form  as 
instr.  pi.  for  ace.  pi.,  translating,  and  all  things;  so  Barth. 
AirWb.  1458.  Foy's  vi6>abisaca-cll  (ZDMG.  54,  349),  geschlechts- 
gefolgschoft,  or  viflbaisa,  -peace  (ZDMG.  50,  134),  agrees  more 
closely  with  the  reading  which  we  must  now  adopt.  Can  we 
read  vitfbis  (A v.  vl^bls)?  If  so,  we  can  take  the  instr.  pi.  for 
the  ace.  pi.  according  to  the  well-known  Avestan  use  and  trans- 
late as  above;  or  as  Justi  (IF.  17,  Anz.  108),  einzelne  Hciuser 
(viO  ist  in  der  Inschrift  des  Dareios  palastes  die  Bezeichnung 
dieses  Gebaude,  nicht  des  ganzen  Schlosses  oder  der  Burg  von 
Persepolis,  welche  in  der  susischen  Bauurkunde  an  der  siidlichen 
Mauer  halvarras  heisst). 

xaina  +  +  hya.  KT  record  space  for  two  characters,  thus 
making  the  familiar  supplement,  aina[ira]hya  certain.  The 
name  is  clear  in  Elam.  and  Bab.  texts. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  15 

dintu-Bel;  Babylon  became  rebellious;  the  kingdom 
in  Babylon  he  seized. 

17.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  I  sent  forth 
(my  arm}7)  to  Susiana;  this  Atrina  was  led  to  me 
bound;  I  slew  him. 

18.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  I  went  to 
Babylon  against  that  Nidintu-Bel  who  called  himself 
Nebuchadrezzar;  the  army  of  Nidintu-Bel  held  the 
Tigris;  there  he  halted  and  thereby  was  a  flotilla; 
afterwards  I  placed  my  army  on  floats  of  skins;1  one 
part  I  set  on  camels,3  for  the  other  I  brought  horses;" 

1  maskauva,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT,  who  fail  to  appreciate 
the  value  of  their  record,  since  they  attempt  no  translation  and 
even  suggest  the  possibility  of  taking  the  obliquely  meeting 
wedges  of  the  cuneiform  sign  for  u  as  the  word-divider,  thus 
giving  maskft  dava.  This  reading  proves  the  correctness  of 
Justi's  conjecture  (IF.  17,  Anz.  125;  cf.  Foy,  KZ.  37,  533)  as  loc. 
pi.  of  maska;  cf.  Assyr.  mas-ku-u,  skin,  Aram,  ineska.  It  is 
in  Persian  a  loan  word  (New  Pers.  mask)  and  has  reference  to 
the  manner  of  crossing  the  river,  which  has  been  in  vogue  from 
early  times  to  the  present  day,  i.  e.  on  inflated  skins  or  a  raft  or 
bridge  supported  by  such  skins.  The  meaning  of  the  passage  is 
now  quite  clear  and  this  reading  supersedes  the  various  attempted 
emendations  (cf.  KZ.  35,  35;  AJP.  21,  20;  ZDMG.  46,  244). 
Jackson  (JAOS.  24,  85)  records  that  the  first  part  of  the 
word  looks  more  like  maya,  but  later  writes  in  a  personal  letter 
to  Justi;  "Your  conjecture  is  so  brilliant  that  I  am  almost 
tempted  to  doubt  my  reading,  but  the  y  did  seem  quite  certain 
in  my  notes,  for  I  examined  the  word  with  great  care." 

2  usabarim,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT;  Jn.  borne  by  oxen  (Av. 
uxsan,  Skt.  uksan).  The  numerous  conjectures,  several  of  which 
seemed  plausible  before  this  confirmation  of  Oppert's  reading, 
must  now  be  set  aside  (cf.  WZKM.  1,  220;  ibid.  11,  252;  AJP. 
21,  20).  Bartholomae's  ustrabarim,  mounted  on  camels,  possible 
on  the  theory  that  the  stone-cutter  failed  to  write  tr,  agrees 
with  the  sense  of  the  Elani.  version;  cf.  KT,  18. 

3asam  [fra]nayam.     This  is  clearly  the  reading  of  the  stone. 


16  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

Auramazda  bore  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Anramazda 
we  crossed  the  Tigris;  there  the  army  of  Nidintu-Bel 
I  smote  utterly;  26  days  in  the  month  Atriyadiya 
were  in  course — we  thus  engaged  in  battle. 

19.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  I  went  to 
Babylon;  when  I  had  not  reached  Babylon1 — there 
(is)  a  town  Zazana  by  name  along  the  Euphrates3 — 
there  this  Nidintu-Bel  who  called  himself  Nebuchad- 
rezzar went  with  his  army  against  me  to  engage  in 
battle;  afterwards  we  engaged  in  battle;  Auramazda 
bore  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  the  army  of 
Nidintu-Bel  I  smote  utterly;  the  enemy  were  driven3 
into  the  water;  the  water  bore  them  away;  2  days  in 
the  month  Anamaka  were  in  course — we  thus  engaged 
in  battle. 


Jn.  records;  "The  reading  asm  +  +  of  Spiegel,  Kossowicz  and 
Tolman,  or  tasina[kam]  of  Fr.  Miiller,  WZKM.  1,  222;  11,  253; 
and  as[pa]  of  WB,  though  the  latter  were  on  the  right  track, 
must  be  abandoned.  The  word  is  simply  asam"  ( JAOS.  24,  86). 
KT  confirm  Jackson's  reading.  The  conclusion  of  Gray  (AJP. 
21,  7)  as  to  a  double  representation  by  sp  and  s  of  Iranian  sp 
is  hereby  shown  to  be  correct;  cf.  Horn,  Grundr.  d.  neupers. 
Etym.  160,  749.  KT  state  that  the  prefix  fra  of  the  verb  is 
probable  from  the  traces  on  the  rock. 

1  a0iy  babiru[m  ya#a  naiy  up]ayam,  KT. 

a  Written  on  the  stone  ufratuuva,  KT,  19;  probably  a  stone- 
cutter's blunder  for  ufratauva  (ufratauva),  or  we  have  an  in- 
stance here  of  anuv  with  instr.  sg. 

3  aniya  api[y]a  +  +  +  +  a,  text.  The  mutilated  word  is  restored 
as  [ahyatja  (Kern,  ZDMG.  23,  239;  cf.  Foy,  KZ.  37,  554;  so 
Rugarli,  il  nemico  fu  gettato  nelV  aequo)  \  Barth.  (AF.  1,  61) 
first  suggested  ahadata,  but  later  (AirWb.,  279)  favors  Kern's 
reading;  WB,  [a]han[jat]a;  Oppert  (Le  peuple — des  M6des,  169) 
[a]ha[rat]a  which  is  recommended  by  Gray  (AJP.  21,  22),  and 
KT  who  render  the  Elam.  I  drove  them,  into  the  river. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  17 

COLUMN    II. 

1.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  Nidintu-Bel 
with  (his)  few  horsemen  went  to  Babylon;  afterwards 
I  went  to  Babylon;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  I  both 
seized  Babylon  and  seized  that  ^idintu-Bel;  after- 
wards I  slew  that  JSTidintu-Bel  at  Babylon. 

2.  Says  Darin s  the  king:  While  I  was  in  Babylon, 
these  (are)  the  provinces  which  became  estranged  from 
me,  Persia,  Susiana.  Media,  Assyria  [Egypt],  Parthia, 
Margiana,  Sattagydia,  Scythia. 

3.  Says  Darius  the  king:  There  (was)  one  man 
Martiya  by  name,  the  son  of  Cicikhrish — there  (is)  a 
town  in  Persia  Kuganaka  by  name — here  he  dwelt; 
he  rose  up  in  Susiana;  thus  he  said  to  the  people;  I 
am  Imanish  king  in  Susiana. 

4.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Then  I  was  on  the  march1 
to  Susiana;  afterwards  the  Susians  [feared]  me;  they 
seized  that  Martiya  who  was  chief  of  them  and  slew 
him. 

5.  Says  Darius  the  king:  One  man  Phraortes  [by 
name,  a  Mede],  he  rose  up  in  Media;  thus  he  said  to 
the  people;  [I  am  Khshathrita]  of  the  family  of  Cya- 
xares;  afterwards  the  Median  people  which  [were  in 
the  palace]  became  estranged  from  me  (and)  went  over 
to  that  Phraortes;  he  became  [king]  in  Media. 

6.  Says  Darius  the  king:  The  Persian  and  the  Me- 


1adain  asnaiy  aham  abiy  uvajam;  KT  render,  /  was  friendly 
with  Susiana.  Barth.  (AirWb.  261)  regards  asnaiy  as  loc.  sg. 
to  asna,  march.  Elam.  kanna  enni  git  which  Weissbach  and 
KT  translate,  I  was  friendly.  The  Elam.  passage  is  discussed 
by  Foy  (KZ.  35,  37),  who  favors  the  interpretation,  auf  dan 
marsche.  The  Bab.  gives  no  assistance.  Cf.  Barth.  Grundr., 
1,  31;  Foy,  ZDMG.  52,  567. 
2 


18  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

dian  army,  which  was  by  me,  it  was  small;1  afterwards 
I  sent  forth  an  army;  Hydarnes  by  name,  a  Persian, 
my  subject,  him  I  made  chief  of  them;  thus  I  said  to 
them;  go,  smite  that  Median  army  which  does  not  call 
itself  mine;  afterwards  this  Hydarnes  with  the  army 
went  away;  when  he  came  to  Media  —  there  (is)  a 
town  in  Media  Marusli  by  name — here  he  engaged  in 
battle  with  the  Medes;  he  who  was  the  chief  among 
the  Medes  did  not  there  [withstand];2  Auramazda  bore 
me  aid;  b}r  the  grace  of  Auramazda  my3  army  smote 
that  rebellious  army  utterly;  27  days  in  the  month 
Anamaka  were  in  course — the  battle  (was)  thus  fought 
by  them;  afterwards  1113"  army — there  (is)  a  region 
Ka(m)pada  by  name — there  awaited  me4  until  I  went 
to  Media. 

7.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Dadarshish  by  name,  an 
Armenian,  my  subject,  him  I  sent  forth  to  Armenia; 
thus  I  said  to  him;  go,  the  rebellious  army  which  does 
not  call  itself  mine,  smite  it;  afterwards  Dadarshish 
went  away;  when  he  came  to  Armenia,  afterwards  the 
rebels  came  together  (and)  went  against   Dadarshish 

1  kaninam,  generally  regarded  as  n.  sg.,  sometlihtg  small.  For 
a  like  use  of  the  neuter  we  can  compare  f  t]ya  ciyakaram  a[va 
dahy]a[va],  Dar.  NRa.  4.  Foy  (KZ.  35,  38)  would  read  kani- 
nama,  regarding  the  word  as  a  superl.  formation.  I  suggest 
with  some  reluctance  the  reading  kamnama  (i.  e.  kamna,  nom. 
sg.  m.  -j-  ma  =  maiy),  (the  army  was)  small  for  me.  I  am  well 
acquainted  with  the  objections  to  assuming  ma  =  maiy;  cf. 
apanyakama,  Art.  Sus.  a. 

2  [a]vada  +  +,  KT,  for  [a]da[raya]  of  the  ed.  KT  record 
space  for  two  signs,  of  which  the  last  appears  to  be  na  or  ha. 
Can  we  supply  aha,  there  he  did  not  ahide? 

3[hya  majna,  KT,  in  place  of  vidarnahya  of  the  ed. 
4  mam  araaniya  yata,  KT,  for  mam  [cita  amanaya  yata]  of  the 
ed. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  19 

to  engage  in  buttle;  there  is  a  village  [Zuzza]1  by 
name  in  Armenia — here  they  engaged  in  battle;  Au- 
ramazda  bore  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  my 
army  smote  that  rebellious  army  utterly;  8  days2  in 
the  month  Thuravahara  were  in  course — thus  the  battle 
(was)  fought  by  them. 

8.  Says  Darius  the  king:  A  second  time  the  rebels 
came  together  (and)  went  against  Dadarshish  to  en- 
gage in  battle;  there  (is)  a  stronghold,  Tigra  by  name, 
in  Armenia3 — here  they  engaged  in  battle;  Aura- 
mazda bore  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda,  my 
army  smote  that  rebellious  army  utterly;  18  days  in 
the  month  Thuravahara  were  in  course — the  battle 
(was)  thus  fought  by  them. 

9.  Says  Darius  the  king:  A  third  time  the  rebels 
came  together  (and)  went  against  Dadarshish  to  en- 
gage in  battle;  there  (is)  a  stronghold,  U[yam]a4  by 
name,  in  Armenia — here  the}^  engaged  in  battle;  Au- 
ramazda bore  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  my 
army  smote  that  rebellious  army  utterly;  9  days  in 
the  month  Thaigarcish  were  in  course — thus  the  bat- 
tle (was)  fought  by  them;  afterwards,  Dadarshish 
awaited  me  in  Armenia5  until  I  came  to  Media. 

10.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  Vaumisa  by 
name,  a  Persian,  my  subject,  him  I  sent  forth  to  Ar- 

1  +  +  +  +  y,  text;  Elam.  zuzza;  Bab.  zu-u-zu. 

2  vi[ii  raucabijs,  text.  Elam.  version  makes  supplement  cer- 
tain. 

3  arminiyaiy,  thus  to  be  read  in  text  of  col.  n. ,  11.  34,  39,  44, 
and  to  be  supplied  in  11.  48,  63,  in  place  of  armaniyaiy  of  ed. ; 
cf.  KT,  29. 

4u  +  +  +  a,  text.     Elam.  uiyama.     There  is  no  authority  for 
u[hy]ama  of  the  ed.;  cf.  KT,  30. 
5 arjm'jnilyajiy,  KT. 


20  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

menia;  thus  I  said  to  him;  go,  the  rebellious  army 
which  does  not  call  itself  mine,  smite  it;  afterwards 
Vaumisa  went  away;  when  he  came  to  Armenia, 
afterwards  the  rebels  came  together  (and)  went  against 
Vaumisa  to  engage  in  battle;  there  (is)  a  region 
I[zar]a1  by  name,  in  Assyria — here  they  engaged  in 
battle;  Auramazda  bore  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Au- 
ramazda  my  army  smote  that  rebellions  army  utterly; 
15  days  in  the  month  Anamaka  were  in  course — thus 
the  battle  (was)  fought  by  them. 

11.  Says  Darius  the  king:  A  second  time  the  rebels 
came  together  (and)  went  against  Vaumisa  to  engage 
in  battle;  there  (is)  a  region  Autiyara  by  name  in 
Armenia — here  the}^  engaged  in  battle;  Auramazda 
bore  me  aid;  b}r  the  grace  of  Auramazda  my  army 
smote  that  rebellious  army  utterly;  at  the  end3  of  the 
month  Thuravahara — thus  the  battle  (was)  fought  by 
them;  afterwards  Vaumisa  awaited  me  in  Armenia 
until  I  came  to  Media. 

12.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  I  went  from 
Babylon;  I  went  away  to  Media;  when  I  went  to 
Media — there  (is)  a  town  Ku(n)durush  by  name  in 
Media — here  this  Phraortes  who  called  himself  king 
in  Media  went  with  (his)  army  against  me  to  engage 
in  battle;  afterwards  we  engaged  in  battle;  Aura- 
mazda bore  me  aid;    by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  I 


li  +  +  a,  text;  i[zar]a,  Tolman,  in  place  of  [iz]i[tus]  of  the  ed. 
which  the  Elain  izzila  (wrongly  read  before  izzitu)  makes  im- 
possible.    KT's  i[zat]a  is  later  corrected. 

2  jiyamanain,  thus  to  be  read  for  iyamanam  of  ed.  and  niya- 
manam  (ni  +  *yainana  fr.  yam;  Barth.  AirWb.  1064):  cf.  KT 
33.     Elam.   version,   at  end  of  the  month   Turmar;    Bab.    w> 
thirtieth  day  of  the  month  Iyyar. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  21 

smote  the  army  of  Phraortes  utterly;  25  days1  in  the 
month  Adukanislnr  were  in  course — we  thus  engaged 
in  battle. 

13.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  this  Phra- 
ortes with  a  few  horsemen  fled;3  there  is  a  region 
Kaga  by  name  in  Media — along  there4  he  went;  after- 
wards I  sent  forth  my  army  in  pursuit;5  Phraortes 
was  seized6  (and)  led  to  me;  I  cut  off  (his)  nose  and 
ears  and  tongue,7  and  I  put  out  his  eyes;8  he  was  held 
bound  at  my  court;  all  the  people  saw  him;  after- 
wards I  put  him9  on  a  cross  at.  Ecbatana,  and  what 
men  were  his  foremost  allies,  these  I  threw  within  a 
prison  at  Ecbatana. 

1  xxv  raucabis,  KT,  in  place  of  xxvi  raucabis  of  ed. 

2  aduka[ni]sahya,  KT,  for  adukanais  of  ed. 

3amu0a,  pret.  3  sg. ;  cf.  Hiising,  KZ.  38,  258.  So  both  Elam. 
and  Bab.  This  interpretation  is  undoubtedly  correct  and  super- 
sedes the  former  view  of  regarding  amu0a  as  an  adv.  KT 
either  fail  to  translate  the  word  in  the  places  of  its  occurrence 
or  retain  the  old  meaning,  thence. 

4  avapara,  KT,  for  avada  of  the  ed. 

5  nipadiy.  KT,  for  tyaipatiy  of  ed.  The  word  hardly  means, 
on  foot,  as  given  by  KT  and  the  ed.  Both  Elam.  and  Bab.  ver- 
sions furnish  no  warrant  for  this  old  interpretation.  Barth. 
(AirWb.  1083)  happily  compares  Lesb.  Boeot.  TreS-a  (instr.  sg. 
to  7rous;  for  stem-grade  7reS-cf.  Hirt,  IF.  7,  153.)  To  this  I 
would  add,  for  sake  of  comparison,  the  Lat.  pedisequus,  folio-w- 
ing one's  steps. 

6agarbi[ta],  KT,  for  agarbayata  of  ed. 

7harbanam,  KT.  The  lacuna  should  now  be  removed  from 
the  ed.  and  the  various  theories  concerning  supplement  are  thus 
superseded. 

s[ucsa]m,  col.  n.,  13;  [ujesam,  14,  KT,  who  regard  the  sign  s 
as  quite  clear  and  c  as  fairly  certain,  while  the  first  sign  appears 
to  be  u.     Cf.  Jn.  JAOS,  24,  88. 

9pasavasira,  KT,  for  pasava  adam  of  ed. 


22  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

14.  Says  Darius  the  king:  One  man,  Citra(n)takhma 
by  name,  a  Sagartian,  he  became  rebellions  to  me; 
thus  he  said  to  the  people;  I  am  king  in  Sagartia,  of 
the  family  of  Cyaxares;  afterwards  I  sent  forth  the 
Persian  and  the  Median  army;  Takhmaspada  by  name, 
a  Mecle,  my  subject,  him  I  made  chief  of  them;  thus 
I  said  to  them;  go,  the  rebellious  army,  which  does 
not  call  itself  mine,  smite  it;  afterwards  Takhmaspada 
went  away  with  the  army  (and)  engaged  in  battle  with 
Citra(n)takhma;  Auramazda  bore  me  aid;  by  the 
grace  of  Auramazda  my  army  smote  that  rebellious 
army  utterly  and  seized  Citra(n)takhma  (and)  brought 
(him)  to  me;  afterwards  I  cut  off  his  nose  and  ears, 
and  put  out  his  eyes;  he  was  held  bound  at  my  court; 
all  the  people  saw  him;  afterwards  I  put  him  on  a 
cross  in  Arbela. 

15.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  (was)  done 
by  me  in  Media. 

16.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Parthia  and  llyrcania 
became  rebellious  to  me  and  declared  allegiance  to 
Phraortes;  my  father  Hystaspes,  he  was  [in  Parthia]; 
the  people  abandoned1  him  (and)  became  rebellions; 
afterwards  Hystaspes  [went  with  his  army]  which  was 
loyal;  there  is  a  town  Yish[pa]uz[a]tish2  by  name  [in 
Parthia] — here  he  engaged  in  battle  with  the  Par- 
thians;  Auramazda  [bore]  me  [aid];  by  the  grace  of 
Auramazda    Hystaspes    smote    that    rebellions    army 


1avaha[r  +  +],  KT,  in  place  of  avjarada]  of  ed.  KT  record 
traces  of  r  with  room  for  one  more  sigu.  The  Elam.  version 
makes  the  meaning  plain.  I  should  feel  tempted  to  read  ava- 
harja,  Skt.  avasrjat  (the  people)  cast  him  of)  i.  e.  cast  off  alle- 
giance to  him,  if  it  were  not  for  the  violent  action  in  this  root. 

2  vis[pa]uz[a]tis,  KT. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  23 


utterly;  [22  days1]  in  the  month  Viyakhna  were  in 
course — thus  the  battle  was  fought  by  them. 


COLUMN    III. 


1.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  I  sent  forth 
the  Persian  army  to  Hystaspes  from  Raga;  when  this 
army  came  to  Hystaspes,  afterwards  Hystaspes  took3 
that  army  (and)  went  away;  there  (is)  a  town  Pati- 
grabana  by  name  in  Parthia — here  he  engaged  in  bat- 
tle with  the  rebels;  Auramazda  bore  me  aid;  by  the 
grace  of  Auramazda  Hystaspes  smote  that  rebellious 
army  utterly;  1  day  in  the  month  Garmapada  was  in 
course3 — thus  the  battle  (was)  fought  by  them. 

2.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  it  became  my 
province;  this  (is)  what  (was)  done  by  me  in  Parthia. 

3.  Says  Darius  the  king:  There  (is)  a  region  Mnr- 
giana  by  name;  it  became  rebellious4  to  me;  one  man 
Frada,  a  Margian,  him  they  made  chief;  afterwards  I 
sent  forth  Dadarshish  by  name,  a  Persian,  my  subject,  Ay^>^>a^ 
satrap  in  Bactria  against  him;  thus  I  said  to  him;  go, 
smite  that  army  which  does  not  call  itself  mine;  after- 
wards Dadarshish  with  the  army  wTent  away  (and)  en- 
gaged in  battle  with  the  Margians;5  Auramazda  bore 

1  So  Elam .  and  Bab.  versions. 

2ayasata;  see  col.  i.,  12,  note. 

3  Written  on  the  rock  0akatama,  a  stone-cutter's  blunder  for 
flakata;  cf.  KT  43. 

1  hami0riya,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT  in  place  of  hasitiya  of 
the  ed.  KT  leave  no  doubt  as  to  the  reading  which  thus  re- 
moves hasitiya  from  the  Persian  vocabulary. 

5margavaibis,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT,  in  place  of  marga- 
yaibis  of  the  ed. ,  which  word  is  now  removed  from  the  Persian 
vocabulary. 


JLn 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

. j. 

me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  mj  army  smote 
that  rebellious  army  utterly;  23  days  in  the  month 
Atriyadiya1  were  in  course — thus  the  battle  (was) 
fought  by  them. 

4.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  it  became  my 
province;  this  (is)  what  (was)  done  by  me  in  Bactria. 

5.  Says  Darius  the  king:  One  man  Vahyazdata  by 
name;  there  (is)  a  town  Tarava  by  name;  there  (is)  a 
region  Yutiya  by  name  in  Persia — here  he  dwelt;  he 
was  the  second3  to  rise  against  me  in  Persia;  thus  he 
said  to  the  people;  I  am  Bardiya  the  son  of  Cyrus; 
afterwards  the  Persian  army  which  (was)  in  the 
palace  cast  aside  their  loyalty;3  they  became  estranged 
from  me  (and)  went  over  to  that  Yahyazdata;  he  be- 
came king  in  Persia. 

6.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  I  sent  forth 
the  Persian  and  the  Median  army  which  was  by  me; 
Artavardiya  by  name,  a  Persian,  my  subject,  him  I 
made  chief  of  them;  the  rest  of  the  Persian  army 
went  with  me  to  Media;  afterwards  Artavardiya  with 
the  army  went  to  Persia;  when  he  came  to  Persia — 
there  (is)  a  town  Rakha  by  name  in  Persia — here  this 
Vahyazdata  who  called  himself  Bardiya  went  with 
(his)  army  against  Artavardiya  to  engage  in  battle; 
afterwards  they  engaged  in  battle;  Auramazda  bore 
me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  my  army  smote 


1  atriyadiyahya,  KT,  for  atriyadiyahya  of  the  ed. 

2  duvitiyam,  ed.,  KT,  a  second  time.  Rather  read  duvitiyarua 
(i.  e.  duvitiya,  nom.  sg.  -f  ma,  abl.  sg. );  cf.  Barth.  AirWb.  964. 

3  v^apatiy  haca  yaclaya  fratarta,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT, 
thus  making  impossible  Foy's  emendation  vitfiyapatiy  (vitfiy  + 
apatiy)  haca  ya[u]daya  {ka/m/pf;  cf.  Skt.  yodhana  -\-  aya,  gang) 
frarixta  (part,  to  ric,  verlassen);  cf.  also  KZ.  37,  556  (where  he 
later  returns  to  the  reading  fratarta);  ZDMG.  54,  350. 


THE  BE  HI  STAN  INSCRIPTION  25 

that  army  of  Yahyazdata  utterly;  12  days  in  the 
month  Thuravahara  were  in  course — thus  the  battle 
(was)  fought  by  them. 

7.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  this  Vahyaz- 
clata with  few  horsemen  fled  (and)  went  to  Paishiyau- 
vada;  from  thence  he  took  an  army  (and)  again  went 
against  Artavardiya  to  engage  in  battle;  there  (is)  a 
mountain  Parga1  by  name — here  they  engaged  in 
battle;  Auramazda  gave  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Au- 
ramazda  my  army  smote  that  army  of  Yahyazdata 
utterly;  5  days2  in  the  month  Garmapada  were  in 
course — thus  the  battle  (was)  fought  by  them  and  they 
seized  that  Yahyazdata  and  what  men  were  his  fore- 
most allies  they  seized. 

8.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards — there  (is)  a 
town  in  Persia  Uvadaicaya  by  name — here,  that  Yah- 
yazdata and  what  men  were  his  foremost  allies,  them 
I  put  on  a  cross. 

9.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  (was)  done 
by  me  in  Persia.3 

10.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  Yahyazdata,  who 
called4  himself  Bardiya,  he  sent  forth  an  army  to  Ara- 
chosia — there  (was)  Yivana  by  name,  a  Persian,  my 
subject,  satrap  in  Arachosia — against  him  (he  sent  an 
army)  and  one  man  he  made  chief  of  them;  thus  he 
said  to  them;  go,  smite  Yivana  and  that  army  which 
calls  itself  of  Darius  the  king;  afterwards  this  army, 
which  Yahyazdata  sent  forth,  went  against  Yivana  to 

1  parga,  in  place  of  paraga  of  ed.  and  KT;  cf .  New  Pers.  purg. 

2  v  raucabis,  KT,  in  place  of  vi  raucabis  of  ed. 

3  This  ninth  section,  which  was  before  omitted,  is  recorded 
byKT. 

4  Written  on  the  stone  agaurata  by  stone-cutter's  blunder  for 
agaubata;  cf.  KT,  51. 


26  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

engage  in  battle;  there  (is)  a  stronghold  Kapishaka- 
nish  by  name — here  they  engaged  in  battle;  Aura-- 
raazda  bore  me  aid;  by  the  grace  of  Anramazda  my 
arm}7  smote  that  rebellions  army  utterly;  13  days  in 
the  month  Anamaka  were  in  course — thus  the  battle 
(was)  fought  by  them. 

11.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Again  the  rebels  came 
together  (and)  went  against  Vivana  to  engage  in  bat- 
tle; there  (is)  a  region  Ga(n)dutava1  by  name — here 
they  engaged  in  battle;  Auramazda  bore3  me  aid;  by 
the  grace  of  Auramazda  my  army  smote  that  rebel- 
lious army  utterly;  7  days  in  the  month  Yiyakhna 
were  in  course — thus  the  battle  (was)  fought  by  them. 

12.  Sa3rs  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  this  man, 
who  was  chief  of  that  army  which  Vahyazdata 
sent  against  Vivana,  he  fled3  with  a  few  horsemen 
(and)  went  away — there  (is)  a  stronghold  Arshada  by 
name  in  Arachosia — he  went  thereby;4  afterwards 
Vivana,  with  an  army  went  in  pursuit  of  them;5  here 

^aMutava  (Elam.  kantuma  +  +),  KT.  This  reading  sets 
aside  Justi's  theory  (ZDMG.  51,  240)  connecting  the  emendation 
gandumava  with  YAv.  gantuma,  wheat,  possible  on  the  supposi- 
tion of  a  local  change  of  surd  to  sonant  after  the  nasal.  Cf. 
Foy,  KZ.  37,  518. 

2  Written  on  the  stone  arara  by  stone-cutter's  blunder  for 
abara;  cf.  KT,  54. 

3  ain[u#a],  KT,  in  place  of  maflista  of  ed. 

4  avapara,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT,  thus  setting  aside  Foy's 
conjecture  avadapara. 

5  nipadi[y]  t[ya]iy.  WB's  auf  dem  Fusse  and  KT's  on  foot 
is  not  the  idea.  See  col.  n.,  13,  note.  t[ya]iy  as  confirmed  by 
KT  makes  impossible  Bartholomae's  emendation  avaiy  (Stud. 
2,  68).  The  Persian  tya  (I.  E.  tio),  originally  a  demon,  pron. 
but  generally  used  as  a  rel.,  shows  here  an  undoubted  example 
of  its  historic  meaning;  cf.  Delbriick,  Vgl.  Syntax,  3,  311. 


THE   BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  27 

he  seized  him  and  what  men  were  his  foremost  allies 
he  slew. 

13.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  the  province 
became  mine;  this  (is)  what  (was)  done  by  me  in 
Arachosia. 

14.  Says  Darius  the  king:  When  I  was  in  Persia 
and  in  Media,  a  second  time  the  Babylonians  became 
estranged  from  me;  one  man,  Arakha  by  name,  an 
Armenian  son  of  Haldita,  he  rose  up  in  Babylon; 
there  (is)  a  region,  Dubala  by  name — from  here  he 
thus  lied  to  the  people;1  I  am  Nebuchadrezzar,  the 
son  of  .Nabu-na'id;  afterwards  the  Babylonian  people 
became  estranged  from  me  (and)  went  over  to  that 
Arakha;  he  seized  Babylon;  he  became  king  in 
Babylon. 

15.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Afterwards  I  sent  forth 
my  army  to  Babylon;  Intaphernes2  by  name,  a  Per- 
sian,3 my  subject,  him  I  made  chief  of  them;4  thus  I 
said  to  them;  go,  smite  that  Babylonian5  army  which 
does  not  call  itself  mine;  afterwards  Intaphernes 
with  an  army  wTent  to  Babylon;  Auramazda  bore  me 
aid;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda,  Intaphernes  smote 
the  Babylonians;6  and  [he  led  them  bound  to  me];7 


1  [k]arahya,  KT,  for  udapatata  of  ed. 

2  vindafar[na];  [v]iDda[farn]a,  1.  86;  vinda[far]na,  1.  88;  text 
as  confirmed  by  KT,  thus  removing  vindafra  of  ed.  from  the 
Persian  vocabulary. 

3  pa[rsa],  KT,  in  place  of  mada  of  ed. 
4avamsam,  KT,  for  avam  of  ed. 
5babiruvi[ya]m,  KT,  for  babirauv  of  ed. 

6  babiruvi[y]a  aja,  KT,  in  place  of  babirum  agarbaya  of  ed. 

7  KT,  record  space  for  fourteen  or  fifteen  signs.  The  supple- 
ment uta  [basta  anaya]  or  [anaya  abiy  mam],  he  brought  them 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 


22  days  in  the  month  +  +  +  +1  were  in  course — that 
Arakha,  who  called  himself  Nebuchadrezzar,  and  the 
men  who  [were  his  foremost  allies  they  seized  and 
bound];3  [this  Arakha]  and  what  men  were  his  fore- 
most allies  were  put  on  crosses  at  Babylon.3 


COLUMN    IV. 


1.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  was  done 
by  me  in  Babylon. 

2.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  I  did;  by 
the  grace  of  Auramazda  it  was  (done)  in  every  way; 
after  that  I  became  king,  I  engaged  in  19  battles;  by 
the  grace  of  Auramazda  I  waged  them4  and  I  seized  9 

(hound)  to  me,  I  would  suggest  as  in  full  accord  with  the  Elaru. 
and  Bab.  versions;  cf.  anaya  abiy  ma[m]  in  Persian  text  of  col. 
v.,  1.  12,  and  [ba]sta  [anayata  a]biy  mam,  1.  26.  Either  supple- 
ment would  still  leave  space  for  the  Persian  name  of  the  month. 

1  The  Elam.  version  gives  the  month  Markazanash. 

2  Supplied  from  Elam.  version. 

3  Both  the  Elam.  and  Bab.  versions  point  to  an  imperative,  I 
decreed,  saying,  let  them,  etc.,  although  there  may  not  be  an 
exact  correspondence  here.  KT  confirm  the  old  reading  asari- 
yata  as  the  last  word  in  the  text.  I  would  adopt  the  reading 
akariyanta  (Barth. ),  which  may  seem  almost  presumptuous 
against  so  excellent  authority  as  KT,  who  have  had  years  of  ex- 
perience in  the  copying  of  tablets.  I  do  this  the  more  boldly 
because  of  the  slight  differentiation  of  s  and  k  which  involves, 
of  course,  simply  the  middle  horizontal  wedge  in  the  cuneiform 
sign  for  s,  and  because  Jackson  in  his  reexamination  of  the  rock 
regards  k  as  quite  certain;  cf.  JAOS.  24,  89.  Whatever  read- 
ing we  accept,  there  is  no  evidence  for  a  final  m  in  the  word  as 
given  in  the  ed. 

4adamsim,  KT,  in  place  of  adamsam  of  ed.  KT  wrongly 
translate,  I  overthrew  nine  kings.  — sim  is  used  as  ace.  pi.  n. 
referring  to  hamarana. 


THE   BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  29 

kings;  there  was  one,  Gaumata  by  name,  a  Magian; 
he  lied;  thus  he  said;  I  am  Bardiya  the  son  of  Cyrus; 
he  made  Persia  rebellious;  there  (was)  one,  Atrina 
by  name,  a  Susian;  he  lied;  thus  he  said;  I  am  king- 
in  Susiana;  he  made  Susiana  rebellious  to  me;  there 
(was)  one,  Nidintu-Bel  by  name,  a  Babylonian;  he 
lied;  thus  he  said;  I  am  Nebuchadrezzar  the  son  of 
Nabii-na'id;  he  made  Babylon  rebellious;  there  (was) 
one,  Martiya  by  name,  a  Persian;  he  lied;  thus  he 
said;  I  am  Imanish,  king  in  Susiana;  he  made  Susiana 
rebellious;  there  (was)  one  Phraortes  by  name,  a  Mede; 
he  lied;  thus  he  said;  I  am  Khshathrita,  of  the  family 
of  Cyaxares;  he  made  Media  rebellious;  there  (was) 
one  Citra(n)takhma  by  name,  in  Sagartia;  he  lied; 
thus  he  said;  I  am  king  in  Sagartia,  of  the  family  of 
Cyaxares;  he  made  Sagartia  rebellious;  there  (was) 
one  Frada  by  name,  a  Margian;  he  lied;  thus  he  said; 
I  am  king  in  Margiana;  he  made  Margiana  rebellious; 
there  (was)  one,  Vahyazdata  by  name,  a  Persian;  he 
lied;  thus  he  said;  I  am  Bardiya  the  son  of  Cyrus; 
he  made  Persia  rebellious;  there  (was)  one,  Arakha 
by  name,  an  Armenian;  he  lied;  thus  he  said;  I  am 
Nebuchadrezzar  the  son  of  Nabu-na'id ;  he  made 
Babylon  rebellious. 

3.  Says  Darius  the  king:   These  9  kings  I  seized 
within  these  battles. 

4.  Says  Darius  the  king:  These  (are)  the  provinces 
which  became  rebellious;  the  Lie1  made  them  rebel- 

1  drauga  di[s  harni#riy]a  akunaus,  wrongly  translated  by  KT 
lies  made  them  revolt,     drauga  is  certainly  a  personification  of 
Deceit  which  found,  as  we  should  expect,  no  correspondence  in 
Babylonian  thought.     How  strikingly  is  this  seen  in  the  con 
trast  between  drauga  dahyauva  vasiy  abava,  the  Lie  dominated 


30  THE  BE  HI  STAN  INSCRIPTION 

lious  so  that  these  deceived  the  people;  afterwards 
Auramazda  gave  them  into  my  hand;  as  was  my  will 
so  [I  did]  unto  them. 

5.  Says  Darius  the  king:  O  thou  who  shalt1  be  king- 
in  the  future,  protect  thyself  strongly  from  Deceit; 
whatever  man  shall  be  a  deceiver,  him  who  deserves 
to  be  punished,2  punish,  if  thus  thou  shalt  think  "  may 
my  country  be  secure." 

6.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  I  did;  by 
the  grace  of  Auramazda  I  did  (it)  in  every  way;  O 
thou  who  shalt  examine  this  inscription  in  the  future, 
let  it  convince  thee  (as  to)  what  (was)  done  by  me; 
regard  it  not  as  lies.3 

7.  Says  Darius  the  king:  I  appeal  to  Auramazda4 

the  provinces,  col.  i.,  10,  and  the  lame  Bab.  version  par-sa-a-tu 
ina  niatati  lu  ma-du  i-mi-du,  in  the  land  lies  became  numerous; 
cf.  Tohnan,  PAPA.  33,  69;  Wilhelm,  ZDMG.  40,  105;  Bang, 
ibid.  43,  533;  Foy,  KZ.  35,  69;  Horn,  Beilage  z.  Allg.  Ztg. 
1895;  Jackson-Gray,  JAOS.  21,  1T0;  Jn.,  Grundr.  d.  iran, 
Philol.,  ii,  630. 

^Ihy;  wrongly  KT,  Jn.  (JAOS.  24,  94),  and  ed.  transcribe 
ahy.  The  subjunctive  (ahy  for  ahahiy)  is  certain,  as  seen  in  such 
a  phrase  as  tuvam  ka  hya  aparani  imam  dipi[m]  patiparsahy, 
thou  whosoever  shalt  hereafter  read  this  inscription. 

2  Written  here  ufrasatam;  cf.  KT.  66. 

3  [draujjiyahy  (denom.  pres.  to  drauga,  the  Lie;  cf.  Rawlin- 
son,  JRAS.  12;  Barth.,  Grundr.  152)  is  here  to  be  read  instead 
of  [duruxtam  man]iyahy  of  WB.  KT  read  [duruj]iyaby,  but 
the  context  as  well  as  the  Elam.  version  shows  a  meaning  im- 
possible for  this  verb. 

4  auramazda  +  +  +  +  +  rtaiyiya,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT,  who 
record  space  for  four  or  five  letters  in  the  lacuna,  but  attempt 
no  supplement.  I  regard  +  +  +  +  +  rtaiyiya  as  dittography  (cf . 
tyana  mana,  col.  i.,  8,  note)  for  +  +  +  +  +  rtaiy  and  suggest  the 
reading  auramazd[am  upava]rtaiy,  /  turn  unto  (i.  e.  appeal  to) 
Auramazda.     For  this  meaning  of  upa  -f  a  -f-  vart  in  Skt.,  cf. 


THE  BEHI8TAN  INSCRIPTION  SI 


that  this  (is)  true  (and),  not  false  (which)  I  did  in 
every  way. 

8.  Says  Darius  the  king:  By  the  grace  of  Auramazda 
much  else  (was)  done  by  me1  that  (is)  not  written2 
on  this  inscription;  for  this  reason  it  (is)  not  written 
lest  whoever  shall  examine  this  inscription  in  the  fu- 
ture, to  him  what  has  been  done  by  me  should  seem 
too  much;3  and  it  should  not  convince  him4  but  he 
should  think  (it)  false. 

9.  Says  Darius   the  king:    Who  were   the   former 

MBh.  5,  1679,  and  examples  quoted  in  PWb.  The  clear  record 
of  da  makes  impossible  the  supplement  auramazdiya  of  WB, 
which  otherwise  might  receive  some  support  from  the  Elam. 
ankirir  auuramasta-ra  sap  appa,  I  state  as  a  follower  of  Aura- 
mazda. KT's  +  +  +  +  rtaiyiya  supersedes  the  many  former 
discussions  of  the  passage  (e.  g.  Foy,  KZ.  35,  44;  ibid.  37,  539; 
ZDMG.  52,  565;  Gray,  JAOS.  23,  61;  Fr.  Miiller,  WZKM. 
1,  59). 

1  [ap]imaiy  aniyasciy  vasiy  astiy  kartam,  KT,  thus  setting 
aside  Gray's  emendation  ava  (abl.  sg.)  aniyasciy,  else  than  this. 

2nipistam.  The  primitive  meaning  of  the  root  pis  (I.  E. 
peik)  seems  to  be  cut,  trim  rather  than  farbig  machen  which 
Barth.  gives.  A  survival  of  this  signification  we  see  in  such  a 
passage  as  RV.  1,  161,  10,  maiisam  ekah  pingati,  the  one  cuts  the 
meat;  in  Old  Slav,  pisa,  pisati,  to  scratch  in,  write;  in  Gr. 
ttoiki'Aos,  as  applied  to  work  in  metal,  stone,  and  wood,  and  tuk- 
pos  (nil  grade),  cutting,  sharp,  stinging.  The  transfer  to  the 
familiar  adorn  (Middle  Pers.  pesit,  ornamented)  which  is  the 
meaning  of  the  root  in  YAv.  is,  of  course,  natural  and  seen  in 
many  of  the  cognates;  e.  g.  Skt.  pig,  to  ornament,  Goth,  filu-faiha 
translating  7roAvn-oiKiAo<?  of  Ephes.  3,  10.  Of.  Tolman,  PAPA. 
37,  33. 

3avahya  paruv  0a[dutiy],  KT,  who  give  traces  of  the  sign  du. 
Jn.  (JAOS.  24,  89),  however,  is  certain  of  the  presence  of  da, 
which  would  justify  Bartholomae's  0adaya  (pres.  subj.  3  sg. ). 

4  nais  +  +  im  varnavataiy,  KT. 


32  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

kings,  while  they  lived,  by  these  nothing  (was)  thus1 
done  as  (was)  done  by  me  through  the  grace  of  Aura- 
mazda  in  every  way. 

10.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Now3  let  it  convince  thee 
(as  to)  what  (was)  done  by  me;  thus  +  +  +  +3  do  not 
conceal  this  record;  if  thou  shalt  not  conceal  this 
record  (but)  tell  (it)  to  the  people,  may  Auramazda  be 
a  friend  to  thee  and  may  there  be  unto  thee  a  family 
abundantly  and  may  est  thou  live  long. 

11.  Says  Darius  the  king:  If  thou  shalt  conceal  this 
record  (and)  not  tell  (it)  to  the  people,  may  Aura- 
mazda be  a  smiter  unto  thee  and  may  there  not  be 
unto  thee  a  family. 

12.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  I  did  in 
every  way;  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda  I  did  (it); 
Auramazda  bore  me  aid  and  the  other  gods  which  are. 

13.  Says  Darius  the  king:  For  this  reason  Aura- 
mazda bore  me  aid  and  the  other4  gods  which  are,  be- 
cause I  was  not  an  enemy,  I  was  not  a  deceiver,  I  was 
not  a  wrong-doer,  neither  I  nor  my  family;  according 
to  rectitude5  [I  ruled6]  nor  made  I  my  power  (?)  an 

1  ava,  KT.     I  would  take  this  word  as  correlative  to  ya0a. 

2nurarn,  KT,  Jn.,  with  no  lacuna  before  the  word. 

3sa  +  +  +  d  +  +  +  adiy,  KT. 

4  aniyaha  bagaha,  KT,  for  aniya  bagaha  of  ed. 

5arstam,  Jn.  (JAOS.  24,  91),  and  KT,  thus  confirming  Foy's 
conjecture  (KZ.  35,  45).  Foy's  further  reading,  apariyayam 
(cf.  Barth.  AirWb.  1765;  Skt.  saparyati),  ich  verehrte  die  auf- 
richtigl'eit,  is  impossible  as  Jn.  and  KT  record  the  presence  of 
the  second  upariy  on  the  stone.  The  emended  text  has  an  im- 
portant bearing  on  the  religion  of  the  Achaemenidan  kings:  cf. 
Jn.,  JAOS,  21,  169;  Foy,  ZDMG,  54,  341;  Wilhelm,  ibid.,  40, 
105;  Tolman,  PAPA,  33,  67. 

6 upariy  +  +  +  +  +  +  naiy,  KT.  Jn.  records:  "It  looks  like  a 
long  word   ending  in   haiy  or   jaiy."     The   obliquely-meeting 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  33 

oppression  to  [those  who  praise  me]1;  the  man  (who) 
helped  my  house,  him  who  should  be  well  esteemed,  I 
esteemed;  (the  man)  who  would  destroy  it,  him  who 
should  deserve  punishment,  I  punished. 

14.  Says  Darius  the  king:  O  thou  who  shalt  be 
king  in  the  future,  whatever  man  shall  be  a  deceiver 
or  a  wrong-doer2  (be)  not  a  friend  to  these;3  punish 
(them)  with  severe  punishment.4 

15.  Says  Darius  the  king:  O  thou  who  shalt  see  this 

wedges  initial  in  the  cuneiform  sign  for  h,  which  alone  differ- 
entiate it  from  that  for  n,  may  of  course  be  in  the  preceding 
lacuna.  If  space  allows,  I  would  suggest  the  supplement 
upariy[axsayaiy]naiy  and  translate  as  above;  cf.  Elam.  sutur 
ukku  hupa  git,  I  ruled  in  accordance  with  the  ordinances;  Bab. 
ina  di-na-a-tu  a-si-ig-gu,  in  accordance  with  the  laws  I  governed. 
Does  this  supplement  answer  in  any  way  to  the  lithograph  of 
Rawlinson,  who  on  the  weathered  surface  of  the  rock  may  have 
confounded  the  signs  for  yaiyana  with  those  for  ya  +  +  taha? 

1  [mam  s]t[u]nuvatam,  a  supplement  suggested  by  KT.  Jn. 
(JAOS.  24,  93)  records  that  the  first  two  letters  are  apparently 
manu  and  proposes  mannuvatama.  Foy  (KZ.  37,  557)  suggested 
[ai]nauvantam,  (formerly,  KZ.  35,  45,  duskaram);  Barth.  (IF. 
12,  130)  duruvatam. 

2[zu]rakara,  KT,  in  place  of  [a]tar[ta]  (Midler)  of  WB., 
thus  confirming  Foy's  conjecture  (KZ.  35,  46)  and  superseding 
the  various  attempts  at  emendation  (e.  g.  stavaka,  Justi;  starta, 
Barth.). 

3avaiy  ma  dausta  +  +  +  a,  KT.  I  would  supply  [biy]a  (opt. 
2  sg.),  cf.  0uvam  dausta  biya  in  Persian  text  of  1.  55,  thus 
setting  aside  the  view  of  Barth.  (AF.  2,  30)  that  dausta  is  here 
an  s-aor.  mid.  2  sg.  of  a  root  *daus.  KT  wrongly  translate, 
(whosoever)  shall  not  he  friendly.  The  Elam.  word  correspond- 
ing here  to  the  Persian  is  kannenti,  fut.  2  sg.,  while  the  same 
verb  (kanesne,  prec.  3  sg. )  renders  the  Persian  dausta  biya  in 
in.  11.  55,  75,  86. 

4  uf  rastadiy,  KT,  in  place  of  ahif rastadiy  of  ed.    KT  wrongly 
translate,  him  do  thou  destroy. 
3 


34  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

inscription  in  the  future  which  I  have  written  or  these 
sculptures,  thou  shalt  not  destroy1  (them)  as  long  as 
thou  shalt  live;2  thus  thou  shalt  guard  them.3 

16.  Sa}rs  Darius  the  king:  If  thou  shalt  see  this  in- 
scription or  these  sculptures  (and)  shalt  not  destroy 
them  and  shalt  guard  them  as  long  as  thy4  family5 
shall  be,  may  Auramazda  be  a  friend  to  thee  and  may 
there  be  unto  thee  a  family  abundant^  and  mayest 
thou  live  long  and  whatever  thou  shalt  do,  this  for 
thee  (let)  Auramazda  make  [successful].6 

1  visanahy,  KT,  who  confirm  this  old  reading.  Here  and  in 
the  Persian  text  of  11.  73,  77,  I  am  inclined  to  follow  Jn. 
(vikanahy)  who  records  the  k  as  "fairly  clear."  There  comes 
up  again  the  question  as  to  the  absence  of  a  medial  wedge  in 
the  cuneiform  sign. 

2  da(  ? )tasa(  ?)  ahy,  KT.  Can  we  read  amata  ahy,  (as  long  as) 
thy  life  extends? 

3ava0asta  par[iba]ra,  KT.  The  reading  paribara  in  place  of 
parikara  of  ed.  is  attested  by  the  Persian  text  of  11.  74,  78,  .thus 
setting  aside  Bartholomae's  connection  with  *kar,  to  bestir 
oneself  Av.  kar,  Skt.  car. 

4  utataiy,  KT,  for  utamaiy  of  ed. 

6  Here  and  in  the  following  section  Barth.  renders  tauma,  by 
power  (i.  e.  as  long  as  xoill  he  possible)  connecting  the  word  with 
the  root  *tu,  to  be  strong,  Av.  tu.  Cf.  Foy.  KZ.  35,  47;  WZKM. 
24,  288;  Barg.  ZDMG.  43,  533;  Keichelt,  KZ.  39,  74.  The  Elam. 
translates  the  word  by  patta  which  Foy  interprets  possibility. 

6  +  +  +  +  +  m,  KT.  The  traces  of  the  signs  show  Either 
word-divider  (written  on  the  rock  by  obliquely-meeting  wedges, 
not  by  a  single  oblique  wedge)  or  initial  u,  2k?  (if  second  hor- 
izontal wedge  be  lower),  3r.  In  AJP,  29,  under  date  of  Feb., 
1908,  I  suggested  the  supplement  [ukarta]m,  (may  Auramazda 
make  it)  well  done.  This  is  certainly  the  sense  of  the  Elam., 
aiak  kutta  appa  huttanti  huhpe  anuramasta  azzasne,  and  whatso- 
ever thou  doest,  this  may  Auramazda  cause  to  succeed,  vazarkam 
is  also  possible,  but  the  traces  of  the  characters  do  not  allow 
WB's  mazanam  nor  Bartholomae's  ma0itam  (YAv.  masita). 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  35 

17.  Says  Darius  the  king:  If  thou  shalt  see  this  in- 
scription or  these  sculptures  (and)  shalt  destroy  them 
and  shalt  not  guard  them  as  long-  as  thy  family  shall 
be,  may  Auramazda  be  a  smiter  unto  thee  and  may 
there  not  be  unto  thee  a  family  and  whatever  thou 
shalt  do,  this  let  Auramazda  destroy  for  thee. 

18.  Says  Darius  the  king:  These  (are)  the  men  who 
were  there  then  when  I  slew  Gaumata  the  Magian, 
who  called  himself  Bardiya;  then  these  men  cooper- 
ated as  my  allies;  Intaphernes  by  name,  the  son  of 
Yayaspara,  a  Persian;  Otanes  by  name,  the  son  of 
Thukhra,  a  Persian;  Gobryas  by  name,  the  son  of 
Mardonius,  a  Persian;  Hydarnes  by  name,  the  son  of 
Bagabigna,  a  Persian;  Megabyzus  by  name,  the  son 
of  Daduhya,  a  Persian;  Ardumanish  by  name,  the 
son  of  Vahauka,  a  Persian. 

19.  Says  Darius  the  king:  O  thou  who  shalt  be 
king  in  the  future,  preserve  +  +  +  +  + 

20.  Says  Darius  the  king:  By  the  grace  of  Aura- 
mazda this  inscription  +  +  +  +  which  I  made  +  +  +  +  +  + 
+  +  +  I  have  written;  this  inscription  +  +  +  me  after- 
terwards  the  inscription  +  +  +  +  +  within  the  prov- 
inces +++++++++ 


COLUMN    V. 

1.  Says  Darius  the  king:  This  (is)  what  I  did  +  +  + 
[when  I  became]  king;  (there  is)  a  province  Susiana1 
[by  name];  this  became  estranged  from  me;  [one  man] 
+  +  +  mamita  by  name,  a  Susian,  him  they  made  chief; 
afterwards  I  sent  forth  (my)  army  to  Susiana;   [one 

^ujvaja  [nama],  KT,  thus  confirming  Foy's  conjecture 
(KZ.  35,  48),  in  place  of  +  +  vajanam  of  ed. 


36  THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION 

man]  Gobryas  by  name,  [a  Persian]  my  subject,  [him] 
I  made  chief  [of  them];  afterwards  this  Gobryas  with 
an  army  went  to  Susiana;  he  engaged  in  [battle]  with 
the  Susians;1  afterwards  Gobryas  smote  +  +  +  and  an- 
nihilated them  (  ?)3  and  seized  [that  +  +  +  mamita]  their 
chief  and  brought  him  to  me  and  I  slew  him;  after- 
wards the  province  [became  mine]. 

2.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Then  the  Susians  [feared] 
and  Auramazda  gave  them  [into  my  hand];  I  offered 
thanks;3  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda,  as  was  my  will, 
thus  I  did  unto  them. 

3.  Says  Darius  the  king:  "Whoever  shall  worship4 
Auramazda,  as  long  as  [his  family]  shall  be,  and 
Jiie  +  +  +  +  +  + 

4.  Says  Darius  the  king:  With  (my)  army  I  went 
to  Scythia;  unto  Scythia  +  +  +  +  the  Tigris  +  +  +  +  +  + 

+  +  +  +  unto  the  sea5  +  +  +  I  crossed  in  rafts(?);6  the 
Scythians  I  smote;  one  part  I  seized  [and  they  were 
brought]  bound  to  me  and  [I  slew]  them;  +  +  +  Sku- 

1  uvajiyaibis,  KT,  for  kami0ri}raibis  of  eel. 
2uta  daiy  marda,  KT,  in  place  of  utasaiy  marda.     One  feels 
strongly  tempted  to  emend  uta  sis  amarda;  cf.  Foy,  KZ,  35,  46. 

3  ayadaiy,  KT,  who  attempt  no  interpretation  of  the  word. 
I  regard  it  as  quite  likely  the  root  yad,  to  worship  (Av.  yaz, 
Middle  Pers.  yastan,  Skt.  yaj)  which  I  would  also  supply  in  the 
lacuna  of  the  text  of  1.  19  and  which  clearly  occurs  in  1.  34. 

4  ya  +  +  +  +,  KT.  I  would  read  without  question,  ya[dataiy, 
mid.  subj.  3  sg.];  cf.  note  above. 

5  abiy  draya,  text  as  confirmed  by  KT  ( who  with  WB  wrongly 
transcribe  throughout  the  inscription  daraya-),  in  place  of 
drayam  of  ed.,  thus  setting  aside  the  theory  that  the  word  is 
here  a  transfer  to  the  a-declension. 

6pisa,  KT,  ed.  According  to  Justi  (IF.  17,  Anz.  126)  the 
word  is  instr.  sg.  (in  collective  sense)  of  pisa,  raft.,  from  pis, 
to  cut;  cf.  Foy,  KZ,  37,  529. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  37 

(n)kha1  by  name,  him  I  seized  +  +  +  +  there  another  I 
made  chief  +  +  +  there  was  +  +  +  by  name;  afterwards 
the  province  became  mine. 

5.  Says  Darius  the  king:  +  +  +  +  +  not  Auramazda 
+  +  +  +  by  the  grace  of  Auramazda,  as  was  my  [will, 

thus]  I  did  unto  them. 

6.  Says  Darius  the  king:  Unto  Auramazda  he  shall 
give  worship3  +  +  +  +  +  + 

*s  +  +  xa,  KT,  whose  note  (later  corrected)  that  the  name 
cannot  be  restored  is  based  on  their  wrong  transliteration  of  the 
word  in  Bh.  k. 

2yadatai[y],  KT,  who  attempt  no  interpretation,  yet  the 
reading  clearly  confirms  Bartholomae's  conjecture  (Foy,  yadatdy). 


THE  SMALLER  INSCRIPTIONS  OF  BEHISTAN. 

A. 
Over  the  figure  of  Darius. 
1  (am)  Darius,  the  great  king,  king  of  kings,  king 
in  Persia,  king  of  the  countries,  the  son  of  Hystaspes, 
the  grandson  of  Arsames,  the  Achaemenide.  Says 
Darius  the  king:  My  father  (is)  ITystaspes,  the  father 
of  Hystaspes  (is)  Arsames,  the  father  of  Arsames  (is) 
Ariaramnes,  the  father  of  Ariaramnes  (is)  Teispes, 
the  father  of  Teispes  (is)  Achaemenes.  Says  Darius 
the  king:  Therefore  Ave  are  called  Achaemenides; 
from  long  ago  we  have  extended;  from  long  ago  our 
family  have  beei\  kings.  Says  Darius  the  king:  8  of 
my  family  (there  were)  who  were  formerly  kings;  I 
am  the  ninth  (9);  long  aforetime  we  are  kings. 

B. 

Under  the  'prostrate  form. 
This  Gaumata  the  Magian  lied;  thus  he  said:  I  am 
Bardiya,  the  son  of  Cyrus;  I  am  king. 

c. 
Over  the  first  standing  figure. 
This    Atrina   lied;    thus    he    said:    I    am   king    in 
Susiana. 

D. 

Over  the  second  standing  figure. 
This  Nidintu-Bel  lied;   thus  he  said:    I  am  jSTebu- 
chadrezzar,    the    son   of  Nabu-na  idj    I   am   king  in 
Babylon. 

E. 

Upon  the  garment  of  the  third  standing  figure. 
This  Phraortes  lied;  thus  he  said :  I  am  Khshathrita 
of  the  family  of  Cyaxares;  I  am  king  in  Media. 


THE  BEHISTAN  INSCRIPTION  39 

F. 

Over  the  fourth  standing  figure. 

This  Martiya  lied;  thus  ho  said:    I  am   Imanish, 
king*  in  Snsiana. 

G. 

Over  the  fifth  standing  figure. 

This  Citra(n)takhma  lied;  thus  he  said:  I  am  king 
in  Sagartia,  of  the  family  of  Cyaxares. 

H. 

Over  the  sixth  standing  -figure. 

This  Vahyazdata  lied;  thus  he  said:  I  am  Bardiya, 
the  son  of  Cyrus;  I  am  king. 

I. 

Over  the  seventh  standing  figure. 

This  Arakha  lied;  thus  he  said:  I  am  Nebuchad- 
rezzar, the  son  of  Nabu-na'id;  I  am  king  in  Babylon. 

J. 

Over  the  eighth  standing  figure. 

This  Frada  lied;  thus  he  said;  I  am  king  in  Mar- 
giana. 

K. 

Over  the  ninth  standing  figure. 
This  (is)  Sku(n)kha,  the  Scythian. 

March  30,  1908. 


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